Apush Frq Essay

1763 was the year that the forever changed the relationship between the American colonies and their mother country, Great Britain. This year was not only the year when the French and Indian War finally came to an end with the Treaty of Paris 1763, but was the also the beginning of the many changes that Britain imposed on the colonies. Following the war, Britain, in an attempt to tighten its control over the colonies, and raise money, pursued new mercantilist policies, leading to colonial resentment.The Proclamation of 1763 was issued in this year, and was the first of the long list of acts and grievances that the colonists had against Britain. 1763 was an important turning point in American history, because it was the point in which the results of the French and Indian war and underlying tensions caused the British to dramatically change their colonial policies. This sudden change in the British attitude, directly led the colonists to their first thoughts of rebellion, and was essent ially the cause of the eventual American Revolution.For a long time, even before the start of the French and Indian War, France and Britain had been in war. The series of conflicts, King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, and King George’s war were all fought between France and Britain over land in America. In the French and Indian War, the main reason behind the conflict was also land-this time, specifically over the rich Ohio River Valley. The French initially laid claims to the Ohio River Valley, but the English were expanding into that area.Another important factor in this war, were the Native Americans of that area, who lived there and wanted to establish a presence as traders there. While most Native Americans sided the French, the most powerful native group, the Iroquois Confederacy allied with the British. The beginning of the war started when the VA government sent a militia under Geroge washingotn to challenge French expansion. Washington created Fort Ne cessity, and attacked the French Fort Duquesne, where he suffered an easy defeat.Following this, a conference of delegates met in Albany to negotiate a treaty wtith the Iroquois to help fight the war. Ben Franklin created the Albany Plan of Union which called for a colonial federation for defense against the Indians. But none of the colonies agreed to this, as it took away too much of their independence. Although there was no colonial support of the this plan, it was still an important precedent for the concept of uniting it the face of a common enemy. In this first phase of the war, there was very little British help.But with the shift into the second phase, Fernch and Indian War became an internation conflict (becoming the 7 Yrs War). In the third phase of the war, English started to be successful in their battles, and the war finally ended with the siege of Quebec, with the English as victors. With the Treaty of Paris 1763, France loses all of its land in America, and the Britain ’s territory nearly doubles. But although Britain gained much land, the debt of the war is staggering. Because of this huge amount of debt, Britain couldn’t continue to impose salutary neglect on the colonies.Salutary neglect was the policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, such as the Navigation Acts. 1763, was the year when Britain just couldn’t afford to continue salutary neglect. Following the war, Britain realized that there needed to be a major reorganization of the American empire. The British also wanted the colonists to pay for some of the war costs, in return for Britain protecting them during the war. Americans refused to pay it, and Britain therefore started to strictly impose the Navigation Acts.Because of the victory, American colonists start to feel confident, and less dependant on Great Britain. Therefore, since the British continued to keep troops on the American frontier, even when there was no need, colonists started to fee l very resentful. Britian was also angry at the colonists for their minimal contribution to the war effort. The colonists didn’t wholeheartedly support the far, and traded with the French during the war. All of these factors combined caused an intense amount of resentment between the colonists and the British.This is important, because the colonists are finally united in their resentment towards the British. Following the war, many English colonists started to settle westward onto the new lands that the Treaty of Paris of 1763 brought. But although the French threat was gone from this area, the Indians still remained. In this year of 1763, an Ottawa chief, Pontaic, organizes an alliance of several tribes to revolt against the English expansion. The Indians attack several fots, stage uprisings and kill many of the British and colonists. The British retaliate by spreading small-pox infested blankets to the Indians.In order to stop more of the Indian attacks, the government then issued the Proclamation fo 1763, which drew a line along the Appalachain mountains, and forbade the any settlement west of that line. Instead of viewing the Proclamation as a way to protect the colonists, they see it instead as a control issue. The colonists believe that the British are only trying to get them to stay near the Atalantic Seaboard to control them easier. So colonists ignore the Proclamation, and still expand beyond that line. This Proclamation caused an even greater push to rebellion.

Marketing Plan of Bentley Motors Limited Essay

Marketing Plan of Bentley Motors Limited 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Description Bentley Motors Limited is a British Manufacturer of automobiles, founded on the 18th of January 1919 by Walter Own Bentley. In the First World War, Bentley was known because of their rotary aero-engines. After the war Bentley designed and produced cars that won the Le Mans race in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930. Bentley presented Queen Elizabeth II with an official State Limousine to celebrate her Golden Jubilee in 2002. Bentley believes that it is a high end luxury car, which has tradition and ultimate class. Bentley follows a â€Å"high-price† strategy, and this Marketing Plan outline will show how Bentley improves their sales and continues to gain a share in the market. 3. Strategic Focus and Plan This section covers three aspects of corporate strategy that influence the marketing plan: (1) the mission, (2) goals, and (3) core competence/sustainable competitive advantage of Bentley Motors Limited. Mission Bentley Motors states that they don’t have a mission statement; but if they did, it would have been in the words of Walter Owen Bentley, â€Å"To build a good car, a fast car, the best in class†. The vision statement that Bentley Motors Limited follows is, â€Å"We are Bentley Motors – the definitive British luxury car company, dedicated to developing and crafting the world’s most desirable high performance cars. Goals 1. Have a larger market share. 2. Launch a Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) in the United Kingdom in 2015. The model will be based on the Porsche Cayenne, and will be produced in the United Kingdom. The SUV will be priced around GBP 140,000. 3. Become more eco-friendly. 4. Increase sales to 1500 cars, by 2013. Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage In terms of core competency, Bentley Motors seeks to use their uniqueness to provide sophisticated and distinctive, high quality luxury cars and other products that appeal to its target customers. In order to use its core competency as a sustainable competitive advantage, Bentley will work with its customers and employees to strengthen the relationships and build bonds to satisfy the high tastes of its clientele. 4. Situation Analysis This situation analysis will show how Bentley is growing larger in the market. Globally Bentley sold just over 10,000 cars in 2007 – compared to 9,000 cars in 2006 and 1000 in 2003. SWOT Analysis Figure 1 shows some characteristics that might influence the market opportunities for Bentley Motors. The SWOT emphasizes the good choices made by the company. Positive internal factors are related to the board, the management growth, the intrinsic value of the brand associated with the high end luxury car. Favorable external factors include the increasing need of luxury goods in the environment. A note to consider is that the financial crisis of 2007 did not affect Bentley’s clientele. Regarding unfavorable factors, the main weakness is the limited growth in the market. Due to the outstanding care and attention given to the production of each Bentley car, the production is slowed down as each car is hand made. However this limited production is perfect for Bentley’s marketing plan. Figure 1: SWOT Analysis for Bentley Motors |Internal Factors |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Management |Excellent and specialized board |Owned by Volkswagen, therefore has to | | | |report to Volkswagen. | |Offerings |Unique, high-price and high-end luxury |Many other competitors like Mercedes, | | |cars. |Rolls-Royce, Ferrari and Maserati provide | | | |similar products. | |Marketing |The exclusivity of the Bentley Motors brand|As the targeted customers are exclusive, | | |is part of the marketing plan. |not many people are aware of the various | | | |services and products Bentley Motors | | | |provides. | |Personnel |Dedicated to personal development of |Their workers are so qualified that if one | | |employees, by improving their technical and|employee leaves they need to spend a lot of| | |business skills. |money to train and develop another | | | |employee. | |Finance |Excellent growth in sales, revenues from |To build one car it takes longer than most | | |2003 onwards. |of their competitors, therefore it takes | | | |time to generate revenue. | |Manufacturing |Sophisticated details, like workers |A typical mass produced luxury model can be| | |inspecting the leather for insect bites and|finished in 24 hours, but to make a | | |17 hides of leather are required to outfit |Mulsanne at the Crewe Factory it takes 9 | | |the cabin. |weeks. | |R&D |Continued efforts to ensure engineering and|Most of the competitors have good R&D | | |luxury details for cars.|departments as well. | |External Factors |Opportunities | Threats | |Consumers |Customers can customize parts of the product, |Due to the high price of the products, | | |such as requesting certain types of leather |Bentley has exclusive consumers and not| | |interiors. |many people go and buy a Bentley every | | | |so often. | |Competitive |There are a few brands that are that obsessed |Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar and BMW produce | | |with having unique luxury products. |similar products for a fraction of the | | | |price. | |Technological |Bentley recently hired Rolf Frech as its |Bentley’s competitors have various | | |Engineering Chief. Frech comes from Porsche AG. |engineering methods that can produce | | | |more efficient cars. | |Economic |During the financial crisis of 2007, Bentley’s |The targeted customers are a small | | |targeted customers were still purchasing cars. |share of the market. | | | | | |Legal/Regulatory |Cars with new clean energy (biofuel), ensuring |A new law passed, requires some | | |that the power and torque of the car are not |technological change that Bentley’s do | | |affected.|not have. | Industry Analysis Every human wants to differentiate themselves from one another. One way of doing so is by purchasing luxury goods. Therefore the market for such goods is bound to grow. In comparison to other high end luxury vehicles, Bentley is growing more than the others. Figure 2: Luxury car Market |Year Sales in U. S Market | |Brands |2011 |2010 |% Change | |Porsche |12,633 |12,592 |0. 3 | |Jaguar |9,315 |9,748 |-4. 4 | |Ferrari |1,266 |1,087 |16. 5 | |Maserati |1,706 |1,355 |25. 9 | |Bentley |1,260 |954 |32. 1 | |Rolls Royce |255 |387 |-34. 1 | Competitors in the Luxury Car Market As shown in figure 2 , the main competitors of Bentley are; Rolls Royce, Ferrari, Maserati and Porsche. Company Analysis Bentley is highly recognized for their luxury cars, but they also sell goods that reinforce the image of their brand, such as silver plated wheel spinners, cufflinks, set of espresso cups, driving apparel and luggage sets among a few. 5. Product Market Focus This section describes the marketing and product objectives for Bentley Motors and their target markets, points of difference and positioning. Marketing and Product Objectives Bentley Motors marketing is based on the effort to combine the strength and speed of a sport scar with the luxury of British elegance. These are combined in 3 areas listed below. 1. British Tradition 2. Manufacture 3. Luxury and Sport Target Markets The primary target market for Bentley cars are customers who are not self-conscious and are willing to show what they have earned, these are generally those in the highest 5% of the economy. These customers want premium quality products and services and are willing to pay for it. Points of difference. Bentley’s marketing is concentrated on the fact that they have the sophisticated British charm, mixed with the strength of a premium racing car. This is the main difference when compared to Rolls Royce, which looks at itself as a luxury car or with Ferrari that defines itself as a sports car. Positioning Bentley’s vehicles try hard to close the gap between a being a traditional British sophisticated luxury vehicle and sports car with strong masculine power, which is best shown with its 6 time success at Le Mans. 6. Marketing Program The 4 marketing mix elements used by Bentley Motors are detailed below. Product Strategy Bentley’s are handmade, custom designed cars. It takes roughly 150 hours to produce a Continental GT and 400 hours to build an Arnage. Steering wheels are double stitched by hand using 2 needles simultaneously. It takes 15 hours to create one steering wheel. These are a few features of Bentley’s to name a few. Price Strategy The 2011 Bentley Continental is priced at around $205,600, while the 2011 Maserati Gran Turismo is priced at an average of $125,000. Even though the Maserati is much less priced, the quality that Bentley holds is much greater. Promotion Strategy. Bentley avoids commercializing its products unlike Maserati, therefore making it more prestigious. Bentley places its advertisements in places where they expect their target market to see it, not in commercial places. Bentley also goes by word of mouth, where one satisfied customer passes on the good word to a friend. Distribution Strategy Bentley prides themselves on being represented in 212 Bentley facilities worldwide. With 24 offices in the UK, 38 in the USA, 52 in Europe, 15 in the Middle East and 15 in Asia and Australasia, among others. Therefore with 212 facilities worldwide, it is within arm’s reach – for those who can afford it.

Discrimination in the Emergency Department

There is discrimination in the emergency department because of the need for health care workers to implement standards in determining the extent of condition of patients brought to the emergency department for treatment for purposes of prioritization. It is in the process of screening the emergency of patients brought or seeking treatment in the department that discrimination occurs, through the ineffective or limited application of objectives and professional standards during the screening, flawed or baseless screening results, and weak prioritization decisions.Discrimination in the emergency department could occur on the part of individual health care workers or due to the policies implemented by the emergency department. As such, the solution could require institution-wide effort in ensuring the implementation of sound policies for the emergency department together with an anti-discrimination culture encompassing the professional practice and actions of individual emergency health care workers. An emergency pertains to the any critical situation or life-threatening condition.Since the definition is broad, it allows health care workers in the emergency department room to exercise judgment in deciding what scenarios comprise an emergency. Common criteria applied in determining an emergency include unconscious patients rushed to the hospital, potential stroke victims, patients identified to have suffered serious blood loss, or patients with broken bones especially if this involves the spinal column. (National Health Service, 2007)When the emergency department faces one or more of these criteria, together with other similar intervening factors, especially when many cases are received, the people in charge of the emergency department have to make decisions on a number of issues. The wide-range of allowance for personal judgment of health care professionals in the emergency department (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006) together with the need to make decisions with lim ited time requiring screening skills and experience as well as the implementation of objective professional standards (Gulland, 2003) opens room for biases and subjectivity.First decision is on whether the cases taken singly comprise an emergency (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). If so, then the case is considered for emergency action. If not, then the case is referred to the appropriate department. However, the determination of whether the cases constitutes an emergency should be made using professional standards to prevent the intervention of discriminatory practices such as considering a case as an emergency not because it constitutes a life threatening situations but because of biases against one case relative to the other cases (Gulland, 2003).Second decision is the prioritization of all the cases determined as emergencies, brought to the emergency department at one time or in a given period (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). The emergency department operates 24/7 so that personnel work on a shift basis resulting to a minimum number of personnel on standby at one time.The number of personnel on standby depends on the trends in emergency cases based on the experience of the hospital and expected periods of the occurrence of emergencies such as forest fires and heat waves during the summer. With limited personnel, mounting cases can make prioritization difficult especially when cases are comparable in terms of the extent of seriousness of the health care need (Gulland, 2003). In these situations, prioritization is a necessity but decisions have requires justification.During decision-making, discrimination could occur such as when white patients are prioritized over a black patient regardless of the extent of the life-threatening condition or younger patients are prioritized over geriatric patients even if the older patients require more immediate treatment and the availability of health care professionals in the emergency department allows the prioritization of the geriatric patient.Third related decision is the action to be taken on the case, such as immediate treatment of the patient, referral of the patient to the health care personnel suited in handling the particular case, denial of treatment for certain reasons, referral of the patient for transfer to another health care facility, and other case-based actions (Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006). Even if prioritization decisions are justifiable, action or implementation relating to the decision could involve discrimination such as when better service is extended to specific patients relative to other patients involved in comparable emergencies.Overall, discrimination in the emergency department could include biases based on race or ethnicity, gender, age, economic status, or other views expressed in the three areas of decision-making previously discussed. This means that discrimination in the emergency department is multi-faceted. In addition, the degree of intervention of discrimination v aries. The intervention of discrimination in the emergency department, from the perspective of emergency health care workers, could include either or both personal and professional bias.Personal bias refers to subjective opinion of a person as against the patient or the circumstances of the case that could affect screening and intervention judgments. Professional bias pertains to the views of the health care workers regarding the condition of the patient, the emergencies, the intervention, and the role they play in this specific situation based on the knowledge and experience of the professional. Both could overlap and operate in creating discrimination in the emergency department. (Gulland, 2003; Aberegg, Arkes & Terry, 2006)Based on the manifestations and causes of discrimination in the emergency department, a number of solutions become apparent. One is the efficient organization of the emergency department in anticipation of life threatening cases at any time. (Gulland, 2003) Sin ce the number of available staff and the level of preparedness of the emergency department determines the creation of opportunities for discrimination since only a small number of emergency cases brought to the emergency department can be addressed.Another solution is the development and continuous enhancement of the operational infrastructures of the emergency department including policies and guidelines in compliance with legal and professional standards, flexible budget and personnel allocation to the department, sound human resource management strategies, organizational culture grounded on objectivity, and other necessities in supporting the high level of preparedness and efficiency of the emergency department (â€Å"Interpretive Guidelines,† 2005).This solution also works in limiting the opportunities for discriminatory action in the emergency department. Still another solution is the application of training and development programs in compliance with the principle of co ntinuous learning. This means that health care workers assigned to the emergency department undergo continuous learning programs to update their knowledge and skills to be able to accommodate developments in professional practice as well as emerging issues arising in professional practice in the emergency department.(Gulland, 2003)When this happens, the likelihood of discrimination lessens because updated information supports the achievement of more objective professional judgments or decisions on issues and challenges faced by the emergency department. Although the emergency department involves a wide-room for judgment and decision-making on the part of health care workers in the emergency department as well as poor support infrastructural support and organizing inefficiencies, which create situations that give rise to discrimination, the causes of discrimination in the emergency department are preventable by addressing these causes.

Arguments of Definition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguments of Definition - Assignment Example Yes. I was honestly surprised about that piece of information from the talk. I have always made an assumption that whatever information I was searching for online and the results I got as a result would be available exactly what anyone else searching would get as well. This is the reason the talk was not only important but provided revealing information that shocked me. This information about the filter bubble should be passed around to as many people as possible so that they can be keen on the search results they get from the first search and compare it to results of other searches as well. I was worried over Pariser’s information that the content being released in the internet is tailored which is very inconveniencing. If one can be searching for a particular topic and each and every piece of information about it but ends up getting the wrong information, irrelevant information as well as misplaced information, then one will start to really not trust the internet at all. It is supposed to not only connect people but keep them abreast at all times of everything taking place around the world. As a result of the filter bubbles, this reality is being taken away from the users. Privacy indeed matters as very few people would like to be seen at their weakest or most vulnerable moments. This is the reason according to Greenwald (2014) that most people as explained by the speaker prefer doing stuff in private than in the public eye. They lack the courage to be criticized or people to change their point of view about them hence the reason they hide in private. People should respect the privacy and not brand people as bad or good for it. Having taken the same experiment taken by Pariser’s student, I was shocked to realize that it is true. I tried it several times taking different screen shots and the results were still different each and every time. The most shocking of all research was the fact

Assess the importance of the counterfactual in merger assessment Essay

Assess the importance of the counterfactual in merger assessment - Essay Example However, not all mergers and acquisitions have been allowed to prosper particularly if it is found to prevent, restrict and distort competition and more importantly, if it would create or strengthen dominant position. Mergers or acquisitions are therefore assessed if it would significantly impede effective competition for being anti-competitive or strengthens dominance—thus an inquiry shall be made by the competition authorities to determine its impact on the market whether competition is still functioning effectively despite the merger or acquisition and the same is beneficial to the public in general. Competition laws to regulate merger and/or acquisition activities were legislated amongst the Member States of the European Union2 while Member States were mandated to enact national competition laws3 to synchronize the procedures to be followed in determining the validity of the merger and/or acquisition as well as to evaluate if the mergers and/or acquisitions are in accordan ce with the competition standards that encourage healthy competition and more importantly, do not significantly lessen competition. ... The primary task of this paper is to determine whether it is necessary for the competition authorities in the conduct of its investigation to allow or reject merger and/or acquisition to make assumptions and go beyond the facts and circumstances submitted by the merging entities to determine whether market competition is in force? It shall likewise be the task of this paper to determine the feasibility of making the hypothesis and the resulting conclusion as basis for sustaining or rejecting mergers or acquisitions? Furthermore, it shall be the task of this paper to determine if counterfactuals are indeed imperative to adjudge if a merger or acquisition significantly lessens competition (SLC) or not? And lastly, to determine whether the use of hypothesis or counterfactual circumstances to support an anti-competitive finding is congruent with the general legal precepts that decisions should be based on actual facts availing and as supported by evidence. Before this paper shall tackle the import of counterfactuals in resolving competition issues, it is necessary to revisit the historical and legal perspective of competition edicts including the jurisprudential pronouncements of both the European Courts of Justice (ECJ) and the national courts so that the spirit and letter of these legislations may be understood and applied properly in arriving at a logical conclusion—whether it is indeed beneficial or futile in competition analysis. State intervention on matters relating to the conduct of business is not a new concept. Under this jurisdiction, the general rule is that freedom to trade or conduct business cannot be curtailed or restrained unless the transaction is fraught with unreasonable

The Problem of Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Problem of Plagiarism - Essay Example activities besides plagiarism; however, the ultimate impression that the reader should gain from such a statistic is that the practice is both widespread and increasingly pervasive. As this is an issue that effects the academic integrity of the learning institutions that exist as well as the quality and type of education that the students receive, this brief essay will seek to explain a few of the ways in which plagiarism works to cheat not only the student of valuable educational merit but the underlying roots of the educational system as well. The most pressing concern when dealing with the topic of plagiarism and its derivatives is to clearly define and differentiate what specifically plagiarism entails and how intertextuality and paraphrase plays into such a working definition. A most basic definition of plagiarism therefore hinges upon the fact that plagiarism can be defined by attempting to pass off another individual’s work as one’s own. Similarly, intertextuality is a far more gray concept (Hansen 189). Whereas paraphrasing is not necessarily a bad thing as long as it is cited appropriately, intertextuality is similar in that it requires the author to plainly note the manner of the sources that provoked the response that is being presented. In this way, the difference between plagiarism and incorporating useful points of intertextuality hinges upon the ability of the student to incorporate relevant and pertinent citations regarding the material they are dealing with. Firstly, consider the fact of what the educational system itself represents. Ultimately, it is a system that has a primary objective to impart knowledge to the participants within the process. One particularly effective means of doing this is to engage the participant with varying forms of feedback. Assigning papers, responses, critical analyses, discussion speeches etc are but a few ways of achieving such a goal. By means of eliciting this â€Å"feedback† system into the

Reflective assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective - Assignment Example Facts and discussion presented in this assignment are basically structured in accordance with the Gibbs reflective model (1988). To validate the reflection practice, this paper includes a case scenario in which the practitioners involved in the care of the patient did not pay adequate attention to the importance of effective communication. Consequently, this lack of communication affected the patient for the worse. Therefore, this paper aims at scrutinizing the best research evidence to emphasize the need for proper communication in health care in order to refine clinical practice and respect patient values. Several years ago, I was in the cardiac theatre working as an anaesthesia technician and meanwhile, one 5 years old boy who was a cardiac patient was undergoing dental clearance by a trainee dentist. After the trainee was through, the inhalation agent got terminated so as to allow the patient recover prior to the removal of the endotracheal tube. Now in many situations, it is too risky for novices like dentists undergoing training to take full control of actual procedures to be performed on the patients and it also appeared later from a consent form that the patient’s parents had never agreed to the direct involvement of anyone but highly qualified professionals in their child’s treatment in the OT. Clearly, this critical incident originated due to lack of healthy communication between the surgeons and patients which is essential to avoiding risks in the OT. Though the patient did not experience a considerable harm but his parents had desired for any intervention to be carried out by trained professionals and not by trainees. Shock was one of the feelings that overcame me first when from another anaesthesia technician I learned that the patient’s parents had not wished for the involvement of a trainee to avoid any possible risks. This fellow technician despite knowing of the parents’

Dilemmas of Leadership in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dilemmas of Leadership in Business - Assignment Example J. et al. 2004:15) declares that leadership is the capability of any individual to marshal an organization’s members towards effectiveness and success by motivation and influence. It marks an influence relationship with the intention of attaining real outcomes and changes of mutual interest. In contemporary times, influential cross-border leadership is imperative, and this is measurable in terms of cultural adaptability, emotional and cultural intelligence as a factor of self-development in a leader, which impacts success through leadership at an extensive scale in the highly globalized world of modern times. Emotional intelligence (EI) pertains to the notion that the proficiency of leaders to comprehend their individual emotions, and the emotions of people in their working environment is an expedient tool to achieve better business performance. It is claimed that the core competencies of modern and historical leaders is not just a function of EI, but it also incorporates Cult ural Intelligence (CQ) into the equation. CQ is an individual’s ability to adapt to new cultural environment and forego any cultural shock attributable to unfamiliar settings in a cultural context. With regards to assessing the EI and CQ on the developmental scale, many tests have been developed: Cross-cultural adaptability inventory (Kelley C., and Meyers J., 1995), paper-and-pencil inventory, behavioral investment centres, intercultural communication inventory tests (Earley and Peterson 2004) etc. Goleman (2002) claims that four aspects of EI: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management, add to the critical set of skills required for profound leadership. He further asserts that self-awareness facilitates empathy and enables self-management. These two combined are a gateway to emotionally intelligent leadership built up on the foundation of self-awareness. The EI in itself is not a distinctive form of intelligence, but the application of int elligence to a certain domain of life- the emotions. The concept has an extensively wide base and therefore its measurement is not scientifically reliable, however its paramount significance can not be doubted with regards to leadership in the current era. Cultural Intelligence comprises of three rudimentary components: cognitive, motivational and behavioral. In light of these, authors of the subject suggest a CQ learning and educational model based on three subjects: meta-cognitive (learning different strategies to enable cultural sense making), motivation (cultural empathy and self efficacy, which is directly proportional to self-esteem of an individual), and behavior (approved behavior in a cultural setting and mimicry). The current issue of contemporary times is an ever increasing demand for global effective leaders, who when measured on the scale of effectiveness must possess the required combination of knowledge measured in terms of EI and CQ for it is necessary for any achiev ement oriented leader in the sphere of local or international relations. However, the supply of global leaders and managers today having adequate EI and CQ is critically very low. Globalization is regarded as the master concept of the modern times, because we live in an era which is marked by dramatic industrialization and interaction between nation states. Extensive globalization indicates that the success of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and Small and Medium

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES - Essay Example The book has been adopted and translated into many forms of media productions, these include; screen, audio, stage, and many others (Lerner, L. J. 2004, 3). A journalistic view of the book reveals so much about the contemporary life and the human behavior towards other people, those who they consider close acquaintances, and those perceived to be enemies (Johnson, K. A. 2012, 76). The little prince, George is a character from a different planet, in search of adventure, and because of boredom, he leaves his planet to explore the outside world. This shows how human beings are mobile and tend to travel a lot in search of the values they consider deer to them, in Antoine’s real life scenario, he left his country. France, and went to the United States to convince the country to join the in the anti-Nazi war (Shirer, W. L. 2011, 197). This is his driving force, he moved from his own home to a foreign place to satisfy his urge of wanting to help his country from a different perspecti ve. The same applies to the little Prince George, he left his own planet due to a driving force, the urge to find out more and move out of his free cocoon. This, he eventually achieves, he grabs the first opportunity that comes around, the bird migration, he uses the birds to move to other planets. Here we learn about the nature of humans to take advantage of things that come around to satisfy their own needs. People trend to have a strong pull towards achieving their goals such that they do anything possible to achieve it; they are opportunistic in nature, using something that they did not expect to come around to their advantage. Antoine creates a mental picture of a man clinging to the wings of numerous birds flying from one planet to another (Normington, K. 2007, 347). Thinking of it, it looks like a big risk to take, but the little prince takes it anyway. He has an opportunity that he knows might not come around again. The manner in which Antoine brings out all these is quite r emarkable. The scene has been translated into a graphical form by the media, a picture of a young boy waiting to cling to some flying birds; he stands on a small planet, which he considers to be home. What catches the eye is the fact that, the prince seems to be sad. This is probably because he is leaving his little rose behind. This, as we can see, is the only thing that he is emotionally attached to, he is sad to leave it behind, though they have had their differences. We are told how the little Prince George was so emotionally attached to the rose flower, all the things he did to prevent it from harm. How he uprooted all the weeds that prevented it from growing to maturity (Saint-Exupery, A.D. 2004, 35). At some point, they even quarreled and this is what prompted him to leave in the first place, he thought that the rose was taking advantage of him. However, they get through it and become friends again. This alludes to the human nature of having emotional attachments to other peo ple or things; these can be even pets or other gadgets, these are the things that people hold closest to the heart and are so deer to them, in most cases, these are persons of the opposite sex. the flower represented spouses, how relationships work, people get emotionally attached, they go through so much together trying to protect themselves, at some point they differ in opinions and fall apart, but sooner or later they mend things and come back together. The aspect of sacrifice also

Idea book Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Idea book - Article Example I am an iPhone smartphone. Im the latest brand of the latest smartphone in the smartphone world filled with technological gizmos. I am friends with the internet to whom we share a very deep bond of friendship we regularly interact and exchange information. I don’t lie to be on the computer because she is jealous of my relationship with the internet. Teamwork on the social media platforms can be illustrated in various ways, for instance liking a comment or retweeting a post by someone. This shows solidarity with an idea that someone has put forth through the post. The creative process that goes on in my mind before I post a statement, comment or picture has various levels of thought put into them. Firstly, the post has to have context and I for this instance define context to mean it has to conform to the trending topic or if Im commenting on a persons message I have to keep it on the issue we are talking about. Secondly, unless the trend is tragic, I try to make humor about it as much as I can. Third in terms of the photos I post I try to make each unique with a different subject always but always showing the best possible version of myself. The mind map shows a correlation of thoughts, attitudes and principles that are revealed through the various social media platforms. The mind map also gives perspective to all these information, thus making it more credible and fitting to the context in which they are used. Two of my friends are Ann and Julien. Ann is a perfectionist, she likes slow and soulful music, dislikes public transport, her cake is that she likes candy at night and has some before she sleeps. She believes in God and humanity and chooses to see the good in people rather than the bad, the niche id put her in is that of creative friends. Julien is hardworking, he likes hip hop music, especially Jay-Z he doesn’t like lazy people. His quirk is that he studies, best under loud music and as a

Research Topics with Explanation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topics with Explanation - Research Paper Example overnment is in a dilemma of either eliminating farm subsidies on the basis that the farmers have the capacity to fund their activities, or increasing this funding for the better of the country. The debate about nuclear energy has been ongoing for a long time. Thus, there are many resource materials about this topic. Additionally, many people have interest on issues concerning nuclear power. Information gathered would be highly invaluable to me and other people as well. The world faces a mounting task of preserving energy sources as the needs for energy keeps on rising. Scientists have proved that nuclear energy is one of the most clean and efficient sources of energy available to humankind. The same scientists are quick to add that the use of this source of energy pose the greatest threat to the same people it is supposed to be benefiting. Crime rates in America is said to be one of the highest in the World. The fact that it is affecting the minor is even more worrying. A lot of research has been done on the issues facilitating this kind of behavior. Communities living in the U.S are very much aware of this situation. Although the government is doing a lot to help the situation, they seem to be failing in the mission. This topic has the potential to provide an understanding of the problems young people are facing and how to respond to them. It is with no doubt that, there has been an upward trend of minor getting involved in violent criminal activities. However, the debate has been whether these kids should be held responsible for their action or simply put the blame on some other

Kaavyas so Not Happy Ending Essay Example for Free

Kaavyas so Not Happy Ending Essay In summarizing this article, be sure you focus on what Daum thinks rather than what Viswanathan did. This will let you use signal verbs more gracefully. Be sure you focus on the main ideas. The story of Viswanathans action is the evidence for the main point or claim or thesis, not the main point itself. If you are unfamiliar with signal phrases, be sure to review pages 556-557 in Everythings an Argument. Pages 567 to 571 provide you with examples of most in text citation formats. Look especially carefully at #1 on page 567, Author named in a signal phrase. Note that you dont have to use the authors name in parenthesis if you use a signal phrase. You do have to use a page number from a print source, but since this is online, you dont need anything. one sentence summary: Who does what to whom or what? Where? When? How? (by means of) Why? because (identify the reasons) Also remember this convention of academic writing: use the authors full name and identification the first time you mention the author: Famed physicist Albert Einstein explained that . . . Use ellipsis (three periods interspersed with spaces) if you leave out words. Use brackets [ ] if you add words. After the first mention, use only the authors last name; Einstein emphasized that . . . . Never use only the authors first name. Information about works cited pages starts on page 572. We would use #35 on page 578. You must have a works cited entry; if you dont your paper is considered plagiarized.

A Study On Hookes Law Mechanics Essay

A Study On Hookes Law Mechanics Essay HOOKES LAW: Hookes lawof elasticity is an approximation that states that the extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the load added to it as long as this load does not exceed the elastic limit. Materials for which Hookes law is a useful approximation are known as linear elasticor Hookean materials. If a metal is lightly stressed, a temporary deformation permitted by an elastic displacement of atoms in space takes place. Removal of stress results in a gradual return of metal to its original shape. Mathematically, Hookes law states that Where, xis the displacement of the end of the spring from its equilibrium position; Fis the restoring force exerted by the material; and kis theforce constant(orspring constant). DIAGRAMATICALLY:- When no weight is applied to the spring, the strain is zero, And, we can measure its length,. and when we apply a force F to the spring It stretches And it extends length,x, that is, the strain, caused by the stress is F = mg. Also, In terms of mechanics hooks state that:- â€Å"For an elastic material stress applied on a body is directly proportional to the strain produced† That is, à Ã†â€™ ÃŽÂ ± e Or à Ã†â€™ = E e Where, à Ã†â€™ is the stress applied e is the strain developed E is the YOUNGS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Now STRESS it is the force causing the deformation. It is measured in units of force per unit area of cross-section (N.m-2) denoted byà Ã†â€™(sigma). That is à Ã†â€™= F/A Units of stress are Pascal Strain is the deformation that takes place in the body. It is the ratio of the increase in length,DLto the original length (L), Represented by symbolÃŽÂ µ(epsilon) or e. That is e=DL/L It is dimensionless. And according to hooks law: à Ã†â€™ = E e Or, E = à Ã†â€™/e Putting values of stress and strain in above equation we get:- E = FÃÆ'-L/AÃÆ'-DL Youngs modulus of elasticity (E) is defined as the ratio of unit stress to unit strain . GENERALIZED HOOKS LAW: The generalized Hookes Law can be used to predict the deformations caused in a given material by an arbitrary combination of stresses. The linear relationship between stress and strain applies for The generalized Hookes Law also reveals that strain can exist without stress. For example, if the member is experiencing a load in the y-direction (which in turn causes a stress in the y-direction), the Hookes Law shows that strain in the x-direction does not equal to zero. This is because as material is being pulled outward by the y-plane, the material in the x-plane moves inward to fill in the space once occupied, just like an elastic band becomes thinner as you try to pull it apart. In this situation, the x-plane does not have any external force acting on them but they experience a change in length. Therefore, it is valid to say that strain exist without stress in the x-plane. STRESS-STRAIN CURVE:- Thestress-straincurve is a graphical representation of the relationship betweenstress, derived from measuring the load applied on the sample, andstrain, derived from measuring thedeformationof the sample, i.e. elongation, compression, or distortion. The nature of the curve varies from material to material. ELASTIC LIMIT: The elastic limit is where the graph departs from a straight line. If we go past it, the spring wont go back to its original length. When we remove the force, were left with apermanent extension. Below the elastic limit, we say that the spring is showing elastic behaviour: the extension is proportional to the force, and itll go back to its original length when we remove the force. Beyond the elastic limit, we say that it shows plastic behaviour. This means that when a force is applied to deform the shape, it stays deformed when the force is removed. YIELD POINT: Theyield strengthoryield pointof a materialis defined in engineering and material science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically . Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. True elastic limit: The lowest stress at whichdislocationsmove. This definition is rarely used, since dislocations move at very low stresses, and detecting such movement is very difficult. Proportionality limit: Up to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain hookes law so the stress-strain graph is a straight line, and the gradient will be equal to the elastic modulus of the material. Elastic limit (yield strength): Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation will occur. The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be measured. This requires a manual load-unload procedure, and the accuracy is critically dependent on equipment and operator skill. For elastomers such as rubber the elastic limit is much larger than the proportionality limit. Also, precise strain measurements have shown that plastic strain begins at low stresses. Offset yield point (proof stress) This is the most widely used strength measure of metals, and is found from the stress-strain curve. A plastic strain of 0.2% is usually used to define the offset yield stress, although other values may be used depending on the material and the application. The offset value is given as a subscript, e.g., Rp0.2=310 MPa. In some materials there is essentially no linear region and so a certain value of strain is defined instead. Although somewhat arbitrary, this method does allow for a consistent comparison of materials. Upper yield point and lower yield point Some metals, such as mild steel reach an upper yield point before dropping rapidly to a lower yield point. The material response is linear up until the upper yield point, but the lower yield point is used in structural engineering as a conservative value. If a metal is only stressed to the upper yield point, and beyond rubber band can develop. NUMERICALS:- Q1) When a 13.2-kg mass is placed on top of a vertical spring, the spring compresses 5.93 cm. Find the force constant of the spring. Solution: Mass = 13.2 kg Weight = 13.2ÃÆ'-9.8 = 129 Compression (x) = 5.93 = 0.0593 m From Hookes Law: F = kx The force on the spring is the weight of the object, i.e.(F) = 129 N Putting values of force and compression in above equation; 129 = (0.0593) ÃÆ'- k Or, k = 2181 N/m Answer Q2) A 3340 N ball is supported vertically by a 2m diameter steel cable assuming cable has a length of 10m, determine stress and strain in the cable. Youngs modulus for steel is 200N/sq.m. Solution: Force (F) = 3340N Diameter = 2m Radius (r) = 1m Length of cable = 10m Youngs modulus (E) = 200N/sq.m Now we know, Stress (à Ã†â€™) = F/A Area = = 3.14ÃÆ'-1ÃÆ'-1 = 3.14 So, à Ã†â€™ = 3340/3.14 à Ã†â€™ = 1063.69N/m.sq Also, strain (e) = à Ã†â€™/E Putting values e = 1063.69/200 e =5.3184 Answer Q3) If a spring has a spring constant of 400 N/m, how much work is required to compress the spring 25.0 m from its undisturbed position? Solution: spring constant (K) = 400 N/m compression (x) = 25m we know, force required for compression:- F = kx i.e. F = 40025 = 10000N and work done = force x compression w = F x X w = 10000 x 25 w = 25,000 Joules Answer Q4) On a of steel rod of length 15m and diameter 6m a force of 60N is applied. Calculate the extension and new length of the rod. Youngs modulus of steel is 250N/m.sq. Solution: : Force (F) = 60 N Diameter = 6m So, Radius (r) = 3m Length (L) = 15 m Youngs modulus (E) = 250N/m.sq. Now, Area (A) A = 3.14 x 3 x 3 A = 28.26 sq.m Also, , E = FÃÆ'-L/AÃÆ'-DL Or, DL = FÃÆ'-L/AÃÆ'-E DL = 60ÃÆ'-15/28.26ÃÆ'-250 DL = 0.127m SO, new length = 15+0.127 L = 15.127m ANSWER REFERENCES:- 1) www.physicsworld.com 2) www.wikipedia.org 3) www.123iitjee.com 4) www.physicsforum.com 5) www.matter.org.content/HookesLaw 6) www.webphysics.davidson.edu/hook 7) www.scienceworld.com

Visiting Innsbruck †Gem of Tyrol! Popular destinations

Visiting Innsbruck – Gem of Tyrol! Popular destinations Innsbruck – Gem of Tyrol! Hallo! (Welcome in German) Innsbruck, the capital city of Tyrol is located in the middle of the Alps making it an awesome location for a vacation! It is most famous for its largest ski resort and has hosted the Winter Olympics twice. The name Innsbruck means ‘the bridge over the inn’. Innsbruck, which brings back pictures of snow and skiing between the Alps, is the perfect place to ski with spectacular surroundings. It is a paradise for a person who loves snow and skiing! The beautiful surroundings with snow clad mountains make it a perfect Alps getaway location. Best Season to Visit Innsbruck Innsbruck, being located in Central Europe enjoys a Continental climate with cold and snowy winters. The temperature during winter nights can go below -10 degree Celsius. During the fall season, hotels are cheaper, but you will miss the best part of the surroundings as they are without snow and without skiing. Spring lasts for a short time with slightly warmer days and cool nights. Summers (June to August) in Innsbruck are quite unpredictable with sunny, rainy or hot days and with a huge range of temperatures. However, the summer months are the main tourist season. Highlights (Special things to do in Innsbruck) Explore the beautiful 16th century Renaissance castle Schloss Ambras that is located on a hill. Visit the city’s famous symbol the Golden Roof (Goldenes Dach), which was earlier used by the emperor and his wife to watch the festivities. Ride the cable car to the Patscherkofel mountain ski area with stunning landscapes all around. Ski jump at the Bergisel Ski Jump. This has to be one of the top things to do in Innsbruck. Hike along the mountain trails soaking in breathtaking views of snow clad mountains at the North Park. Spend a leisure afternoon at the Botanical Garden where nature is at its best! Spend an entire day at the various city museums – Alpine Club Museum, Anatomical Museum, Tyrolean Folk Art Museum and several others. Stroll along Maria-Theresien-Strasse to best experience the city. Watch a spectacular musical or opera performance at the state theatre Tiroler Landestheater. Visit the Alpen zoo located by the hill with alpine animals, birds and other rare animals. Hotspots of Innsbruck Maria-Theresien-Strasse: This is the most famous place in the city for shopping, restaurants, cafes, pubs or just to enjoy a stroll with friends and family. Kaufhaus Tyrol , 6 floors of exquisite shopping paradise is located here. The architecture of the surrounding buildings with snow clad mountains in the background gives a different feel to the city. It is a perfect place to enjoy the beautiful surroundings at the courtyard cafes. This is not a place to be missed on your Innsbruck holiday! Schloss Ambras: The most popular tourist attraction in Innsbruck is the Ambras castle (Schloss Ambras in German). This castle has an interesting collection from the sixteenth century that includes silk paintings, rhinoceros horn goblets, bronze works, glass porcelain and ivory figures. The gardens here are beautiful with small waterfalls and forest trails. Bergisel Ski Jump: This is a place you cannot miss in Innsbruck. It is located on a hill and offers an unforgettable experience to ski while being surrounded by the most beautiful landscapes. If you visit at the end of January/February, you can watch the International Four Hills Tournament and other snowboarding competitions here. There is a tower restaurant and a museum here that offers great views of the beautiful snow clad mountain landscapes. Patscherkofel: A famous Alps mountain ski area, Patscherkofel is one of the best places to ski. Few of the Olympic events in the past were held at the Patscherkofel ski area. It is an unbelievable snow clad mountain that offers a panoramic view! The cable car to reach the top offers stunning views on the way. Shopping in Innsbruck Kaufhaus Tyrol is the most famous shopping destination in Innsbruck with 6 floors of an international shopping experience. DEZ Einkaufszentrum is very popular with the tourists as it was the first shopping arcade in Austria with over a 100 stores and restaurants and cafes. Swarovski Kristallwelten is one that cannot be missed even if you do not want to shop. The entrance to this place is a waterfall from a giant face with crystal eyes; there is a museum and a store to buy the world famous Swarovski crystals or jewelry or articles made of crystal. You can buy souvenirs, crystals and other porcelain artistic items in the old town. The old town is the best place to in indulge in authentic and artistic local shopping. Maria-Theresien-Strasse is known for its shopping as well as restaurants and cafes. How to reach Innsbruck By Air – Innsbruck Kranebitten Airport is the largest airport in Tyrol and it is well connected to all major cities in Europe with regular flights. There are seasonal flights to/from UK, Hamburg, Netherlands and Berlin. Munich Airport is 2.5 hours from Innsbruck; there are buses and vans available from the airport to Innsbruck. Ensure to book a minivan in advance if you are carrying ski equipment. By Train – Innsbruck is well connected by trains with other European cities. You can take a train from any of the nearby airports to reach Innsbruck. Most tourists travel by train from Munich, Venice, Vienna, Zurich and Graz; there are train services to/from other European cities as well. The Austrian train services Ãâ€"sterreichische Bundesbahnen (OEBB)operates to the suburbs and other cities in the country. The main train station is in South-Tyrolean Square in the Innsbruck City Centre. Ensure to check for available discounts – you can get 50% discount with Ãâ€"BB Vorteilscard, 25% discount with rail card if you travel from another country and a special discount if you are under the age of 26. By Road – You can drive to Innsbruck via autobahn motorways A 12 or A 13. It is easy to drive to Innsbruck due to its location between the valleys. You will have to pay toll charges on both motorways; they are well maintained and make it easy to drive to Innsbruck. How to get around in Innsbruck The best way to explore Innsbruck is by walk or by bicycle. The city center and nearby places are within a few minutes by walk and this is the best way to enjoy the beautiful landscapes. You can drive within Innsbruck but it is difficult to find parking for long durations and hence not recommended. The public transportation in Innsbruck is efficient and connects all areas. The tickets are valid on buses, trams and trains within Innsbruck. There are 4 tram lines with 2 connecting the villages close by. Buses operate to the major tourist attraction areas and are scheduled and regular. S-bahn is the suburban train service that connects the city, towns and villages close by. Innsbruck Card promoted by Innsbruck tourism provides free entry to some of the tourist attractions including the Alpenzoo and public transportation; you can avail the card for 24, 48 or 72 hours. Top areas in Innsbruck Pradl – A very popular village in Innsbruck, Pradl is famous for its theatre Pradler jousting. The area is connected by tram and is easy to commute to and from the city center. Natters – Most famous for Lake Natters, Natters is located by the mountains. It is a village with a lot of history from the sixteenth century. It is a beautiful little village that makes for a quiet vacation with beautiful landscapes. Amras – Located on the motorway, Amras is well connected by tram and bus services. Amras is most known for its castle, gardens and parish. The village has a lot of chapels and is a perfect place for a leisure stroll with beautiful landscapes around the village. There are a lot of hotels available at reasonable prices in Amras. The famous shopping center DEZ Einkaufszentrum is located in Amras. Natters – This is a beautiful town in the Wipptal valleys that is most famous for its ancient buildings, which take you back to the sixteenth century. Hoetting – Hoetting is a beautiful small town in Innsbruck which is well connected by train and bus services. The town has several ancient churches that are worth visiting; the beautiful landscapes around add a scenic touch to the church buildings. The town also has Hunger castle and Hofgarten which attracts more tourists. Hofburg – This area is known for its palace and is a prominent cultural building in the country. The palace has a lot of ancient history with a beautiful Gothic hall and courtyard. The Apline Club museum is located in the vicinity. Lans – This area is most known for its skiing area, recreational center and Lanseree Lake. It offers the most beautiful surroundings with only about 1000 habitants. It has a lake that is preferred by tourists who want a quiet leisure vacation amidst pristine nature. You can play golf amidst the mountains and the lake. Lans is a beautiful place for a vacation either during summer by the lake or during winter by the snow clad mountains. Danke! (Thank You in German)

Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes Of George Orwell Essay examples

Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes of George Orwell Throughout history, writers have written about many different subjects based on their personal experiences. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair. He is one of the most famous political satirists of the twentieth century. He was born in Bengal, India in 1903 to an English Civil Servant and died in 1950. He attended Eton from 1917 to 1921, and served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 before moving to Europe.Two of his most famous books, Animal Farm, written in 1946, and Nineteen Eighty-Four, written in 1949, were written about the political and social environment surrounding his life. "The driving force behind his two satires is an intense revulsion against totalitarianism, combined with an even stronger revulsion against its defenders among left-wing intellectuals."1 In most of George Orwell ¹s books and essays, there is a strong autobiographical element due to the fact that he spent many years living with Communists in northern Great Britain (a small number of people started to follow Communism in northern Great Britain when it started in Russia). George Orwell ¹s writing was affected greatly by his personal beliefs about Socialism, Communism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism, and by the revolts, wars, and revolutions going on in Europe and Russia at the time of his writings. George Orwell was a Socialist2 himself, and he despised Russian Communism3, and what it stood for. Orwell shows this hatred towards Communist Russia in a letter he wrote to Victor Gollancz saying, "For quite fifteen years I have regarded that regime with plain horror."4 Orwell wrote this letter in 1947, ten years after announcing his dislike of Communism. However, he had thought a great deal about Communism and what he disliked about if for a long time before he announced it to the public. Orwell "did not expect anything good from the Communist"5 and therefore Communism personally did not affect him, but "He was concerned with it (Communism) only because it was a problem for others."6 In Animal Farm, "an animal fable satirizing Communism,"7 Orwell uses farm animals in England to satirize Russian Communism and its leaders. One animal he uses is a pig named Napoleon, whose counterpart in the Russian Revolution is Joseph Stalin. After Napoleon takes charg... ...r, Alfred G. "Marx, Karl." World Book Encyclopedia.1988 ed. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1949 Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1946 Stansky, Peter and Abraham, William. Orwell: The Transformation. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1979 Stansky,Peter. On Nineteen Eighty-Four. San Francisco, California: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1983 Wadsworth, Frank W. "Orwell, George" World Book Encyclopedia. 1988 ed. Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit a study of George Orwell. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company,1966 Voorhees, Richard J. The Paradox of George Orwell. New York, NY: Purdue Research Foundation,1961 "Stalin, Joseph." World Book Encyclopedia. 1988 ed. "Lenin, V.I." World Book Encyclopedia. 1988 ed.

Women in the Work Force- 1960s Essay -- Essays Papers

Women in the Work Force- 1960s The 1960s were a time of social and political identification for American women. Despite the victory of voting rights, women still experienced discrimination in daily life. With the current millenium drawing to a close, women today still express concern of unequal treatment. It is important to glance backwards in history and remember the struggles that our mothers and grandmothers experienced. Thanks to the women of the past, women of the present are able to participate in politics and receive equal pay for equal jobs. The struggle continues, but we conquer more discrimination every year. It has always been a popular misconception that women are the weaker sex.1 This idea leads to the opinion that women can not possibly perform the same job requirements as men. Why should a woman seek further education when she cannot handle a job physically and psychologically in the male work force? A woman who does decide to work out of the home could not expect to earn as much as her male counterpart since she can not do the job nearly as well. History paints the picture of women staying home as homemakers where they belong. We see the ideal woman as June Cleaver from the TV sitcom Leave it to Beaver. A feminist author Betty Friedan wrote a best-selling book arguing that magazines, advertisements, educators, and social scientists portray women as happy as housewives.2The Feminine Mystique explained this portrayal of the trapped women into a life of raising children, taking care of the home, and giving no chance labor outside the home. Despite the expectation of women as homemakers, women broke free. They wanted to take more active roles in politics, society, and the work force. One arena of support cam... ... Jovanovich, 1987) p.236. 4 John Winters, Jr., http://nimbus.ocis.temple.edu/~rkarras/winters2.htm, Representation of Women in the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. 5 See Robert L. Daniel, p.263. 6 See Robert L. Daniel, p.264. 7 See Robert L. Daniel, p.264. 8 See Robert L. Daniel, p.276. 9 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 10 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 11 See Robert L. Daniel, p.277. 12 See Robert L. Daniel, p.257. 13 See Robert L. Daniel, p.257. 14 See Robert L. Daniel, p.258. 15 See Robert L. Daniel, p.258. - Gabin, Nancy F. Feminism in the Labor Movement: Women and the United Auto Workers, 1935-1975. London: Cornell University Press, 1990. - Spain, Daphne and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment among American Women. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996.

Linguistics and Interjections Essay

In Western philosophy and linguistic theory, interjections—that is, words like oof, ouch, and bleah—have traditionally been understood to indicate emotional states. This article offers an account of interjections in Q’eqchi’ Maya that illuminates their social and discursive functions. In particular, it discusses the grammatical form of interjections, both in Q’eqchi’ and across languages, and characterizes the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections in Q’eqchi’ in terms of a semiotic framework that may be generalized for other languages. With these grammatical forms, indexical objects, and pragmatic functions in hand, it details the various social and discursive ends that interjections serve in one Q’eqchi’ community, thereby shedding light on local values, norms, ontological classes, and social relations. In short, this article argues against interpretations of interjections that focus on internal emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. p a u l k o c k e l m a n is McKennan Post-Doctoral Fellow in Linguistic Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at Dartmouth College (Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A. [paul.kockelman@dartmouth.edu]). Born in 1970, he was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B.A., 1992) and the University of Chicago (M.S., 1994; Ph.D., 2002). His publications include â€Å"The Collection of Copal among the Q’eqchi’-Maya† (Research in Economic Anthropology 20:163–94), â€Å"Factive and Counterfactive Clitics in Q’eqchi’-Maya: Stance, Status, and Subjectivity,† in Papers from the Thirty-eighth Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (Chicago: Linguistics Society, in press), and â€Å"The Interclausal Relations Hierarchy in Q’eqchi’ Maya† (International Journal of American Linguistics 69:25–48). The present paper was submitted 1 vi 01 and accepted 27 xii 02. 1. A longer version of this article was presented at the workshop â€Å"Semiotics: Culture in Context† at the University of Chicago in January 2001. Chris Ball, Anya Bernstein, John Lucy, and Michael Silverstein all provided very helpful commentary. This article also greatly beneï ¬ ted from suggestions made by Benjamin S. Orlove and several anonymous referees. Western philosophy and linguistic theory have traditionally considered interjections at the periphery of language and primordially related to emotion. For example, the Latin grammarian Priscian deï ¬ ned interjections as â€Å"a part of speech signifying an emotion by means of an unformed word† (Padley 1976:266). Muller (1862)  ¨ thought that interjections were at the limit of what might be called language. Sapir (1921:6–7) said that they were â€Å"the nearest of all language sounds to instinctive utterance.† Bloomï ¬ eld (1984[1933]:177) said that they â€Å"occur under a violent stimulus,† and Jakobson (1960: 354) considered them exemplars of the â€Å"purely emotive stratum of language.† While interjections are no longer considered peripheral to linguistics and are now carefully deï ¬ ned with respect to their grammatical form, their meanings remain vague and elusive. In particular, although interjections are no longer characterized pure ly in terms of emotion, they are still characterized in terms of â€Å"mental states.† For example, Wierzbicka (1992:164) characterizes interjections as â€Å"[referring] to the speaker’s current mental state or mental act.† Ameka (1992a:107) says that â€Å"from a pragmatic point of view, interjections may be deï ¬ ned as a subset of items that encode speaker attitudes and communicative intentions and are contextbound,† and Montes (1999:1289) notes that many interjections â€Å"[focus] on the internal reaction of affectedness of the speaker with respect to the referent.† Philosophers have offered similar interpretations. For example, Herder thought that interjections were the human equivalent of animal sounds, being both a â€Å"language of feeling† and a â€Å"law of nature† (1966:88), and Rousseau, pursuing the origins of language, theorized that protolanguage was â€Å"entirely interjectional† (1990:71). Indeed, such philosophers have posited a historical transition from interjections to language in which the latter allows us not only to index pain and express passion but also to denote values and exercise reason (D’Atri 1995).2 Thus interjections have been understood as a semiotic artifact of our natural origins and the most transparent index of our emotions. Such an understanding of interjections is deeply rooted in Western thought. Aristotle (1984), for example, posited a contrastive relationship between voice, proper only to humans as instantiated in language, and sound, shared by humans and animals as instantiated in cries. This contrastive relation was then compared with other analogous contrastive relations, in particular, value and pleasure/pain, polis and household, and bios (the good life, or political life proper to humans) and zoe (pure life, shared by all living things). Such a contrast is so pervasive that modern philosophers such as Agamben (1995) have devoted much of their scholarly work to the thinking out of this tradition and others built on it such as id versus ego in the Freudian paradigm. In short, the folk distinction made between interjections and language 2. D’Atri (1995:124) argues that, for Rousseau, â€Å"interjections . . . are sounds and not voices: they are passive registerings and as such do not presuppose the intervention of will, which is what characterizes human acts of speech.† Proper maps onto a larger set of distinctions in Western thought: emotion and cognition, animality and humanity, nature and culture, female and male, passion and reason, bare life and the good life, pain and value, private and public, and so on (see, e.g., Lutz 1988, Strathern 1988). In this article I avoid such abstracting and dichotomizing traps by going straight to the heart of interjections: their everyday usage in actual discourse when seen in the context of local culture and grounded in a semiotic framework. I begin by characterizing the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I carried out my research and go on to relate interjections to other linguistic forms, showing how they are both similar to and distinct from other classes of words in natural languages. Next I provide and exemplify a semiotic framework, generalizable across languages, in terms of which the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections can best be characterized. Then I detail the local usage of the 12 most commonly used interjections in Q’eqchi’ and show the way in which they are tied into all things cultural: values, norms, ontological classes, social relations, and so on. I conclude by discussing the relative frequency with which the various forms and functions of interjections are used. In short, I argue against interpretations of interjections that focus on emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. Linguistic and Ethnographic Context While I am attempting to provide as wide a theoretical account of interjections as I can, thereby providing a metalanguage for speaking about similar sign phenomena in other languages, I am also trying to capture the grammatical niceties of Q’eqchi’ Maya and the discursive and social particularities of one Q’eqchi’-speaking village in particular. Before I begin my analysis, then, I want to sketch the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I worked. Q’eqchi’ is a language in the Kichean branch of the Mayan family, spoken by some 360,000 speakers in Guatemala (in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Izabel, and Peten) and Belize (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). 3 Lin ´ guistically, Q’eqchi’ is relatively well described: scholars such as Berinstein (1985), Sedat (1955), Stewart (1980), Stoll (1896), and Chen Cao et al. (1997) have discussed its syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon, and I have detailed various morphosyntactic forms (encoding grammatical categories such as mood, status, evidentiality, taxis, and inalienable possession) as they intersect with sociocultural values and contextual features and as they illuminate local modes of personhood (Kockelman 3. Typologically, Q’eqchi’ is a morphologically ergative, head-marking language. In Q’eqchi’, vowel length (signaled by doubling letters) is phonemic; /k/ and /q/ are velar and uvular plosives, respectively, and /x/ and /j/ are palato-alveolar and velar fricatives, respectively. All other phonemes have their standard IPA values. 2002, 2003a, b). This article is therefore part of a larger project in which I examine how intentional and evaluative stances are encoded in natural languages and the relations that such stances bear to local modes of subjectivity. Alta Verapaz, the original center of the Q’eqchi’-speaking people who still make up the majority of its population, has had a unusual history even by Guatemalan standards. In 1537, after the Spanish crown had failed to conquer the indigenous peoples living there, the Dominican Friar Bartolome de Las Casas was permitted to  ´ pacify the area through religious methods. Having succeeded, he changed the name of the area from Tezulutlan (Land of War) to Verapaz (True Peace), and the Dominicans were granted full control over the area—the state banning secular immigration, removing all military colonies, and nullifying previous land grants. In this way, for almost 300 years the area remained an isolated enclave, relatively protected by the paternalism of the church in comparison with other parts of Guatemala (King 1974, Sapper 1985). This ended abruptly in the late 1800s, however, with the advent of coffee growing, liberal reforms, and the inï ¬â€šux of Europeans (Cambranes 1985, Wagner 1996). Divested of their land and forced to work on coffee plantations, the Q’eqchi’ began migrating north into the unpopulated lowland forests of the Peten  ´ and Belize (Adams 1965, Carter 1969, Howard 1975, Kockelman 1999, Pedroni 1991, Saa Vidal 1979, Schwartz 1990, Wilk 1991). In the past 40 years this migration has been fueled by a civil war that has ravaged the Guatemalan countryside, with the Q’eqchi’ ï ¬â€šeeing not just scarce resources and labor quotas but also their own nation’s soldiers—often forcibly conscripted speakers of other Mayan languages (Carmack 1988, IWGIA 1978, Wilson 1995). As a consequence, the past century has seen the Q’eqchi’ population spread from Alta Verapaz to the Peten and ï ¬ nally to Belize, Mexico, and even the  ´ United States. Indeed, although only the fourth largest of some 24 Mayan languages, Q’eqchi’ is thought to have the largest percentage of monolinguals, and the ethnic group is Guatemala’s fastest-growing and most geographically extensive (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). The two key ethnographies of Q’eqchi’-speakers have been written by Wilk (1991) and Wilson (1995), the former treating household ecology in Belize and the latter upheavals in village life and identity at the height of the civil war in highland Guatemala during the 1980s. In addition to these monographs, there are also a number of dissertations and articles on the history (King 1974, Sapper 1985, Wagner 1996), ecology (Carter 1969, Secaira 1992, Wilson 1972), and migration (Adams 1965, Howard 1975, Pedroni 1991) of Q’eqchi’-speaking people. The data for this article are based on almost two years of ethnographic and linguistic ï ¬ eldwork among speakers of Q’eqchi’, most of it in Ch’inahab, a village of some 80 families (around 650 people) in the municipality of San Juan Chamelco, in the department of Alta Verapaz. At an altitude of approximately 2,400 m, Ch’inahab is one of the highest villages in this area, with an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm. It is also one of the most remote, access to the closest road requiring a three-hour hike down a steep and muddy single-track trail. Its relatively high altitude and remote location provide the perfect setting for cloud forest, and such a cloud forest provides the perfect setting for the resplendent quetzal, being home to what is thought to be the highest density of such birds in the world. Because of the existence of the quetzal and the cloud forest in which it makes its home, Ch’inahab has been the site of a successful eco-tourism project the conditions and consequences of which are detailed in my dissertation (Kockelman 2002). While the majority of villagers in Ch’inahab are monolingual speakers of Q’eqchi’, some men who have served time in the army or worked as itinerant traders speak some Spanish. All the villagers are Catholic. Ch’inahab is divided by a mountain peak with dwellings on both of its sides and in the surrounding valleys. It takes about 45 minutes to hike across the village. At one end there is a biological station kept by the eco-tourism project and used sporadically by European ecologists, and at the other there is a Catholic church and a cemetery. In the center there is a small store, a school for primary and secondary grades, and a soccer ï ¬ eld. The surrounding landscape is cloud forest giving way to scattered house sites, agricultural parcels, pasture, and ï ¬ elds now fallow. All villagers engage in corn-based, or milpa, agriculture, but very few have enough land to fulï ¬ ll all of their subsistence needs.4 For this reason, many women in the village are dedicated to chicken husbandry, most men in the village engage in seasonal labor on plantations (up to ï ¬ ve months a year in some cases), and many families engage in itinerant trade (women weaving baskets and textiles for the men to sell) and eco-tourism (the women hosting tourists and the men guiding them). Dwelling sites often contain a scattering of houses in which reside an older couple and their married sons, all of whom share a water source and a pasture. The individual families themselves often have two houses, a relatively traditional thatched-roof house in which the family cooks and sleeps and a relatively new house with a tin roof in which they host festivals and in which older children and ecotourists may sleep. Because of eco-tourism and the inï ¬â€šux of money and strangers that it brings, there has been an increase in the construction of such tin-roofed houses, and, as will be seen, many of my examples of interjections come from such construction contexts. My data on the use of interjections among villagers in Ch’inahab comes from 14 months of ï ¬ eldwork carried out between 1998 and 2001. The data collection con4. Before 1968, what is now Ch’inahab was owned by the owner of a plantation. Q’eqchi’-speakers who lived in the village of Popobaj (located to the south of and lower than Ch’inahab) were permitted to make their milpa in this area in exchange for two weeks of labor per month on the ï ¬ nca (Secaira 1992:20). Only in 1968, when a group of villagers got together to form a land acquisition committee, were some 15 caballerÄ ±as (678 ha) of land purchased from the owner  ´ for 4,200 quetzals (US$4,200). This land, while legally owned by the entire community, was divided among the original 33 villagers as a function of their original contributions.

A Hope in the Unseen

Cedric Jennings, the main character of Ron Suskinds raw A promise in the unseen is an anomaly at B onlyou Senior uplifted School, an inner city public shoal of Washington, D. C. Raised by a iodine mother on a stingy salary from the Department of Agri finish, Cedric is accustomed to on the job(p) hard for alwaysything he receives in invigoration. An honors student and participant of B every(prenominal)ous special skill and math schedule, Cedric dreams of pursuing study as a performer to scat D. C. and chip at pop out a transmit around life for himself. Being a star student in a poorly performing trail t eyelid scorns academic exploit is no easy role to play.Viewing the Minority trigger to Engineering and Science summer program at the Massach physical exercisetts Institute of engine room as an imperative step on his path towards a in the raw life, he is shocked to run across himself drowning in the land and competition around him. Cedric is surprised to expos e solace in return to Ballou. subsequently receiving admission to Brown University, Cedric haves he has in the exterminate proven himself to all of his nay rateers and earned a ticket out of D. C. In his current Brown environment, Cedric struggles to adjust to the intensified transmutation and intelligence surrounding him.Although it takes the majority of his appetiser year, eventually Cedric specifys his own niche at Brown and transforms into a man undecided of caring for his beloved mother. A Hope in the unobserved proffers itself as a lense with which to examine sociological themes. Specifically, learning, complaisant deviation, faith and their respective implications basin be thoroughly analyzed with the pertinent events of Cedrics journey. Living in a credential hostelry uniform the United States, the institution of education holds extensive greatness in m nonpareiltary value of facilitating social shoot forment and earning potential.Cedric observes hi s mother, Barbara, and her inability to climb the head for the hills of society without a reinforced education. Without the lackful enfranchisement she is destined to remain in her low-in get hold bracket, struggling to make ends meet from each angiotensin converting enzyme month. On her five-dollar-an-hour salary, finances ar everlastingly tight. One evening Barbara casually reminds Cedric, I hope you knew to eat big dejeuner today? You do it, its the first workweek with rent and all. (Suskind, 41) Cedric responds in the exclusively steering he outhouse, Yeah, I knew. Got seconds on salad. take in all I could (Suskind, 41).This socialisation of distress withal manifests itself in the school culture at Ballou. Every school possesses a hidden argumentation of study consisting of the implicit attitudes and rules of bearing (Henslin, 507). At Ballou however, this hidden curriculum reinforces beliefs of solidarity effectuate through gangs, street slang, and re pression of aspirations outside of their quick purview. For example, at an inner-city school interchangeable Ballou, teachers take for granted the use of street slang in formal writing with the belief that nifty lecturing depart be gratuitous in their future occupations.This hidden curriculum exhibits itself in Cedrics peer, Delante Coleman. His leadership in wiz of the schools largest gangs, his nature as an established drug dealer, and his smooth Lexus compose Delantes status an archetype status for a large portion of Ballou students. Delante is every bit as operate as Cedric. Its what each does with his vehemence and talents that separates these two into a sort of urban black yin and yang (Suskind, 19). In order to escape absorbing the wild hidden curriculum, Cedric actively works to isolate himself and remain concentrate on his crowning(prenominal) goals. crowd together Henslin delimits the function of education as a system that sorts multitude according to ab ilities and ambitions (Henslin, 505). Barbara raises her son to take get word in his academic abilities and to use them to confirm his ambitions. Ballou High School utilizes a manner hunch forwardn as tracking to supremacy the gates of opportunity. The idea save as m any(prenominal) kids as you corporation by separating out top students early and set the lions share of resources into boosting as numerous of them as achievable to college. block off rough the rest. (Suskind, 8) The impacts of much(prenominal) methods are unyielding lasting and affect job opportunities, in get by, and lifestyle. patch, Cedric is happy enough to be viewed as one of the college-bound, most students simply cannot conjure up the motivation to succeed in the Ballou environment. attention is scanty at best, homework is trim to optional, and teachers rest satisfied so coherent as their students show up to screen out. This encyclopaedism environment renders even the brightest students in capable of competing with the effect pool of college applicants. Cedric is aware of this challenge and concerns whether any amount of work depart be enough to propel him to a new life (Suskind, 9).Ultimately, education and its effects come down to family brookground, as Henslin clearly illustrates. The U. S. education system reproduces social class structure and its racal-ethnic divisions (Henslin, 510). Adults without college degrees, in general, tend to work low- imparting, cul jobs, which further inhibits social movement. With the cost of high(prenominal) education ever on the rise, inner-city students essential work harder still to obtain scholarships if they adjure to process college. Acceptance to college is meaningless for many kids at Ballou without financial aid (Suskind, 124).For Cedrics friend, James Davis, receiving no scholarship notes means the disintegration of his word meaning to Florida A&M, his first choice university. Despite receiving the essential s cholarship to attend Brown, Cedrics achievement is still spited in the association. By those who grapple the reputation or even post of Brown, which is not many, Cedrics decision to attend an ivy League school is viewed as pretentious and a waste of two time and money. When Cedric arrives at Brown, he becomes astutely aware of how diverse his family background is from that of his peers.His roommate, hock Burton, was raised in Massachusetts by two college- improve parents and an older sister who attends Harvard. Additionally, two his parents are doctors. The two boys find themselves at extreme odds in legal injury of common interests and experiences. For Rob, on that point was never any question close whether he would use his quick mind and goodish adroitness to excel. It was assumed in everything that cosseted him (Suskind, 178). Even these expectations alkali in stark contrast to Cedrics experience as a first-generation college student.When Cedric befriends the only other black student in his dorm unit, Chiniqua, he finds they have often in common in terms of their racial identity and its inherent culture. However, she matriculated through a program called planning for Prep in New York and was privately educated from seventh home run onward so as to pave her path to the Ivy League. Chiniqua, who scored an 1100 on her SATs, received geezerhood of counsel both academic and social to attend to with the collision of cultures she ingested each day track fifty blocks of Manhattan (Suskind, 202).Cedric has had no experiences, other than the MITEs program, in the intense process of racial and ethnic mixing characteristic of the university. Intimidated by the impressive SAT scores and credentials of his peers, Cedric elects to take all of his first semester courses as pass/fail. When he returns home for pass break however, he lies to his community claiming to watch over a 4. 0 grade rank average. The intense societal focus on grades has st emmed from grade inflation. As Henslin points out, Theletter grade C used to indicate average, and since much students are average than superior, high school teachers used to split about double as many Cs as As. Now they plant more As than Cs. Students arent smarter grading is just easier (Henslin, 514). This estimable inflation places increased pressure on students to bring home As. discordence or work outing averagely, is no longer acceptable. For so long, Cedric has clung to grades and perfection in school as the one thing he could control. He discovers that in order to stop himself to be educated he must let go of the grades and focus on the learning.Realizing he cannot handle a five-lass course load he resiles, it doesnt olfactory property as bad as he thought, not like a retract so much as a reasonable fallback position. Far different from the swallow-your-pride, lowered bar of the first semesterhe wouldnt accept limits or recruit limits on himself out of some f ear of failure (Suskind, 308). With new, higher expectations in place at Brown, Cedric is able to adapt and perform on the level expected by professors. This demonstrates the sociological principle that students perform better when they are expected to meet higher standards (Henslin, 515).In June, when his final grades arrive, Cedric is filled with pride denotation his A, B, and two Ss, for satisfactory. Full rank and file in the Brown community, won evenhandedly and square (Suskind, 357). From his position in a higher learning community, Cedric can reflect on Ballou and other schools like it. He voices his observations in a final base assignment. How do we lift poorly educated minorities to an equal footing in the schoolroom? How do we do this while reckon that organism singled out for special attention can result in incapacitating doubts about ones abilities? (Suskind, 338). In asking these essential questions, Cedric truly removes himself from his upbringing and its impl ications and aligns himself instead with a community of knowings. throughout the novel, multiple characters grapple with the challenges of conforming to the norms of their society and the omnipresent option of social deviance. Henslin describes deviance as any violation of norms, minor, major, or in between (Henslin, 198). At Georgetown University, situated in Washington, D. C. , intellect is valued and universe a serious student is the norm.However, at Ballou, truancy and apathetic sentiments towards education establish the norms. Norms make social life possible as they render behavior predictable. As exemplified in the comparison between Georgetown and Ballou these expectations differ even within schools of the same district. As one of few serious students, Cedric struggles to find his own niche, literalizing that he simply has no social currency at Ballou (Suskind, 21). Sociologist Robert Merton would describe Cedrics state as anomie, lack feelings of belonging (Henslin, 2 09). An acquaintance of Cedric, Phillip Atkins, also grapples with deviance.Despite possessing the intellectual capacity, Phillip hides his intelligence in school. He struggles to take his true identity. At Ballou he puts on an act as the popular class clown oozing toughness and coolness. However, at home, he is a well-mannered boy whose dreams of tap dancing have been suppress by his father. He had been a grind too at one time, still in an effort to conform to the norms of society, He began a slow but starchy shift in outlook and coming into court to creating an identity He is now a popular member of Ballous mainstreamHes earned himself some hold dear and security (Suskind, 67).While Cedric stands by his own morals and commitment to education, Phillip falls victim to the intense societal pressure to conform. After returning from his MITEs summer program, Cedric toys with the idea of conforming to the mainstream culture at Ballou. On the first day of school he dresses for the part which entails a leather jacket and a hat tilted to one side. Almost at present Cedric is asked to remove his hat, as is the school policy. difficult to play his new role Cedric responds, No way, Dr. Jones, this hat is phat (Suskind, 102).It takes the honest row of his peer, James Davis, to snap Cedric out of this new act. James, the unimaginative popular scholar-athlete, removes Cedrics hat adding, Boy, persist in that hat off. You dont need to be doing all that. Youre hypothetic to be a role model. Youre fine, just the way you are (Suskind, 103). Cedric smiles realizing that he has lacking to hear someone say that since freshman year. In an inner-city school like Cedrics, Edwin Sutherlands term of differential linkup is applicable.As Sutherland excuses, the different assemblages with which we associate give us messages about conformity and devianceThe end result is an imbalance attitudes that tilt us in one direction or another (Henslin, 202). At Ballou, the norm is conformity. Solidarity develops from these conformist communities. In general, society desires conformity. It simplifies classifys when all members are working by the same means to achieve the same cultural goals. By choosing to be a social deviate and pursuing his own goals, Cedric renounces all solidarity.throughout his life, Cedric is perpetually receiving sanctions for his deviant behavior. The disallow sanctions range from creation mocked and beaten up by his peers in school to being spited by adults for acting too good for the community and attention an Ivy League school. Such negative sanctions contribute to social unity. To affirm the groups moral boundaries by weighty deviants fosters a we feeling among the groups members (Henslin, 207). However, positive sanctions do come to Cedric from account characters. His teacher, Mr. Taylor, constantly encourages Cedric and pushes him to pursue his goals.Additionally, Clarence Thomas positively sanctions Cedric by inviting h im to his office to discuss his late enrollment at Brown University and offer guidance. Tired of the countless negative sanctions he receives for pursuing his dreams, Cedric retaliates through his impassioned speech at showtime. He seizes the opportunity to explain how students must learn to fight off Dreambusters galore(postnominal) of us have been called crazy or even laughed at for having big dreamsI will never forget being laughed at for saying I wanted to go to the Ivy League (Suskind, 136-137).In an ultimate act of deviance, Cedric names his naysayers and asserts that he will follow his abnormal dreams, no matter how hard they try to push him down. In times of hardship and strife, it was divinity fudge and worship that allowed Cedric to prevail. His mother instills in Cedric a devotion to immortal and religious services at Scripture Cathedral, to which Barbara and Cedric are devout members. Throughout the constant upheaval the two experience they find solace in beau id eals word and their faith community.In fleshing out the functions of worship, Henslin touches on the need for religion in get it ons of individuals like Barbara and Cedric. He explains, the answers that religion provides about ultimate meaning also sympathiser deal by assuring them that there is a purpose to life, even to torment (Henslin, 525). With the constant worry of how she can pay the bills and feed her son, faith in perfection is Barbaras method of coping and getting from one day to the next. She is willing to give twenty dollars she cannot reach to do without in the perform whirl each week.However, this offering is essential to Barbaras faith. As pastor big preaches in church one week, Faith is taking the last $10 from your checking account and saying, divinity, I give this to you, because I have nothing but faith, I live on faith, and I know in my heart that youll bring it back to me (Suskind, 30). Many religions emphasize that money and real belongings are of no importance to beau ideal and that all money should go to helping those less fortunate. Barbara lives by the dustup of the Gospel even when her checkbook cannot afford her kindness.She thrives on the social solidarity of religion for her it is enough. Having returned to the church herself at around thirty years of age, Barbara consciously decides to raise Cedric with a untouchable grounding in faith. Its faith, all about faith, she decides. If she can just moderate Cedrics faith in theology and in righteousness living intact for a little longer, blessings will come (Suskind, 30). In many instances, it is Cedrics faith that gives him the author to persevere and actualize his dreams. He places his acceptance to Brown in Gods hands praying, God, this is where I want to beI worked so hard.I deserve it. Yes, I believe this is it. This is the place I want to be. Bless me, Lord. Let your will be done. If this is where Im supposed to be, let your will be done (Suskind, 109). This ingathering exemplifies the influence of religion in common life. Believing his life is part of Gods greater plan, Cedric places decision-making reason in Gods hands. Individuals who lead lives grounded in reason would place decision-making power in the hands of Brown admissions officers who undoubtedly analyse all applications.His speech at the graduation ceremony reads like a address itself. Starting by thanking God for give him the strength and courage to be where he is today, Cedric proclaims, THERE IS NOTHING ME AND MY GOD throneT HANDLE (Suskind, 137). This quotation epitomizes Cedrics ultimate confidence in God. He concludes his speech with a quote from the Bible. The lecture of the Bible is crucial to the social solidarity of religion. It creates a culture, made up of language, values, symbols, goals and norms that pious lot can share.Throughout the novel, both Cedric and Barbara reference scriptural passages. The Bible possesses the ability to capture the interwo venness of life and beliefs in God. Henslin touches on this opinion explaining, the shared meanings that come through symbols, rituals, and beliefs amalgamate people into a moral community. slew in a moral community feel a bond with one another. Henslin goes on to address the power of community. Not only does it provide the tooshie for mutual identity but also it establishes norms that govern the behavior of its members.Members either conform or they lose their membership (Henslin 530-531). For Cedric and Barbara, who underframe their identities on religion, no action or possible outcome is worth defying Gods word. They lead their lives by Gods word. Barbaras final words to Cedric after moving him into Brown are, entrust in God, let Him guide you (Suskind, 165). Bishop vast leaves Cedric with the final words Yes, all you find students must ask your questions and get your good gradesBut, never forget never- that the only real answers lie with God (Suskind, 153).As Cedric adap ts to Brown, he finds religion inefficient in providing answers to his many complex questions. Overwhelmed with his schoolwork and social struggles, Cedric makes no endeavour to attend religious services in Providence. When he returns to Scripture Cathedral during wintertime break and is asked whether hes open up another church at school, Cedric responds I just know theres no way I could ever replace Scripture Cathedral (Suskind 263). While his faith remains strong, Cedric falls international from the active practice of his religion.Over thanksgiving, which he spends at his mentor, Dr. Korbs home, Cedric overhears a conversation about religion versus reason. Speaking to a subtile group of people, Dr. Korb remarks The ultimate egotism, more broadly, is a belief in the existence of GodFaith, in a way, is egotism. I know its at the center of Cedrics life, what keeps him going. But ultimately, it cant get him where he needs to behe needs to find his place through reason, not faith (Suskind, 256). Unable to render this Cedric brushes off the comment. However, Dr.Korb touches on a pertinent pass on in society. Henslin explores this secularization of religion and its ability to splinter a group into those who live by reason and those who live by religion. Henslin argues that for individuals who have had less profane success, this shift in focus from spiritual matters to creationly affairs represents a renunciation of the groups fundamental truths, a selling out to the secular world (Henslin, 550). In the scholarly community of Brown, it is repugn to compartmentalize religion and reason and people today so often do.This debate comes to the forefront of the mind for Cedric. The two can certainly exist together, however, it requires some sacrificing on the side of strict religious believers. Cedric speaks to Bishop Long about his conflict explaining, I feel Ive outgrown the church (Suskind, 359). Long tells Cedric that as long as he carries God along for those times when he will need Him, then he can venture out into the world. Despite his questioning, Cedrics faith in God never wanes.Even at the conclusion of the novel though more than anything else, mustering that faith, on cue, is what separated him from his peers and distinguishes him from so many people it these literal advanced(a) times. It has made all the difference (Suskind, 365). narration A Hope in the unseen through a sociological lens allowed me to access the course material and its comportment in daily interactions through Cedrics experiences. I was raised in an affluent, predominantly white community with a strong public school system.As a result, I lack the experience to relate to Cedric and the intense adversity he overcomes. The text acted as both a sociological document, and a novel with adept language and maturation of literary themes. I found this melodic theme immensely helpful in definition the sociological themes and theories applicable to one individuals life in such a wide spectrum of ways. I would exceedingly recommend the use of this novel as an additional sociological perspective for the course next semester.The novel contains countless sociological themes, which allows any individual to draw upon what he or she finds interesting or applaudable of further exploring. I chose to draw on religion although we have not besides covered it in class because I have personal ties to religion and attached with Cedrics religious motivation and condense throughout his journey. As many Georgetown students come from privileged backgrounds and become involved in the D. C. public school system throughout their four-year experience, A Hope in the Unseen is a pertinent text for all sociology students.